Orioles are beautiful birds well known for their bright coloration. There are many different oriole species that live in North America and three of them are visitors to South Dakota. Here is everything you need to know about these three species.
Baltimore Oriole
Male Baltimore Oriole – Photo by USFWS Midwest Region
Female Baltimore Oriole – Photo by Judith Jackson
Identification
Male Baltimore Orioles have a bright orange chest, underside, tail, and patch on the shoulder. They have black wings with white wing bars and a black hood extending slightly into the upper chest. Females are slightly less colorful with a yellowish orange body and gray wings with white wing bars.
Range
Baltimore Orioles spend the winter in Northern South America, Central America, Southern Mexico and much of Florida. In spring they migrate north and summer throughout the Eastern United States and Southeastern Canada.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Baltimore Orioles eat a variety of foods and their diet varies seasonally. In spring and fall they readily feed on fruit and nectar but during summer they feed primarily on protein rich food items such as insects and other invertebrates. Baltimore Orioles are known to come to bird feeders if jelly or orange slices are placed out and may even come to hummingbird feeders.
It’s worth noting that there is debate over whether or not jelly is good for birds due to the high sugar content.
Where to Find This Bird
Look for Baltimore Orioles high up in deciduous trees. They prefer more open areas such as edge habitat and small groves of trees to thick forests. Also keep an eye out for orioles at bird feeding stations. To attract them, orange slices are often enough to entice them in.
Bullock’s Oriole
Bullock’s Oriole – Photo by Alan Schmierer
Identification
Adult Male Bullock’s Orioles are a yellowish orange with black markings under the bill to the chin, a black stripe through the eye, and a black stripe on the head. They have black wings with a large white patch on them and black on the tail. Females have orange on the head, chest, and tail with gray wings and a light underside.
Range
Bullock’s Orioles winter throughout most of Mexico, moving north during migration. In summer, this specie scan be found throughout the western half of the United States from Montana, and Colorado, all the way to California and Washington. Bullock’s Orioles can also be found in Southwestern Canada.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Bullock’s Orioles feed on Insects, spiders, nectar, and fruit. They readily forage for insects on trees such as caterpillars and other invertebrates. They have also been known to pierce fruits and flowers with their bills and then drink the juice and nectar that spill out.
Where to Find This Bird
Bullock’s Orioles can be found in thin woodlands near open areas as well as riparian habitats. They often live and nest in tall trees such as cottonwoods. This species is generally found in the more arid parts of the Western United States.
Orchard Oriole
Male Orchard Oriole
Female Orchard Oriole – Photo by Andrew Weitzel
Identification
Adult male Orchard Orioles are a deep burnt orange color with a black head, back, wings, and tail. They have white edging on some of their wing feathers. Female Orchard Orioles are yellow with dark gray wings and look vastly different than the adult males.
Range
Orchard Orioles winter in Northern South America, Central America, and Southern Mexico. In spring, they start their migration north with their range expanding into much of the Eastern United States and a small portion of South-central Canada. Some part of the population summers in North-central Mexico.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Orchard Orioles eat many different types of foods including insects, fruit, and nectar. They have been known to dip their heads into flowers, feed at hummingbird feeders, and even priece certain types of flowers to get a meal.
Where to Find This Bird
Orchard Orioles are at home in open areas such as oak savannas, forest edges, and woodlands near prairies. They typically reside in the tree tops where it is sometimes easier to hear them than it is to see them. Listen for this species’ melodic song that sounds somewhat similar to an American Robin or Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Summary
Orioles are bright and exciting birds to see while out birding or while watching your bird feeder. Knowing which species to expect in your region can be incredibly useful in identifying these charismatic birds. Hopefully, this article has helped to answer some of your questions about the orioles of South Dakota.
Kingfishers are fascinating birds that specialize in catching and eating fish. There are a handful of different kingfisher species in North America, but only one species that can be found in Pennsylvania. Here is everything you need to know about that species.
Belted Kingfisher
Male Belted Kingfisher (Photo by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Southwest Region)
Female Belted Kingfisher (Photo by USFWS Midwest Region)
Identification
Belted Kingfishers are short, compact birds with large pointed bills. Males are grayish blue with a large crest, a white underside, and a grayish blue band across their chest. Females look similar to the males but have rust on their sides and a second band (rust colored) underneath the blue chest band. Both males and females have a white spot near their eye on each side of the head.
Range
Belted Kingfishers winter in Northern South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Southern United States. In spring they migrate north throughout most on the United States, Canada, and Alaska where they spend the summer. Some Belted Kingfishers stay in the Northern United States year round provided there is open water.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Belted Kingfishers are primarily fish-eaters, choosing to eat fish that are on the medium to small side such as sticklebacks and various minnows. They find and catch prey by sitting high on a perch and scanning for fish by sight. Once they spot something they want, they dive in head first and use their bill to grab onto the food item. In addition to fish, Belted Kingfishers will also eat amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, and small mammals.
Where to Find This Bird
Belted Kingfishers can be found near water including rivers, ponds, streams, and lakes. Clear water is most optimal for kingfishers as they need to be able to see prey in order to catch it. Listen for this species rattling call and look for them swooping low as they fly from perch to perch.
Summary
Kingfishers are unique birds that occupy a very specific niche in the ecosystem. With just one species living in Pennsylvania any encounter with one of these vibrant and energetic birds is sure to be a Belted Kingfisher. Hopefully this post has helped answer some of your questions about the Kingfishers of Pennsylvania.
Cormorants are slender diving waterbirds with a distinctive shape and set of habits. While there are many cormorant species that live in North America, there are only two that can typically be found in South Carolina, Here is everything you need to know about these two species, plus one more bird that is not a cormorant but looks a lot like one.
Double-crested Cormorant
Double-crested Cormorant
Identification
Adult Double-crested Cormorants have a dark brown to black head, neck, back, underside and wings. Juveniles will be lighter brown in color with a lighter throat and underside. Both adults and juveniles have orange by the eyes and base of the bill as well as a turquoise colored eye. Breeding adult birds have two tufts on their head that can sometimes be hard to see, but these crests are what this species is named for.
Range
Double-crested Cormorants live year round along the Pacific Coast of North America from Northwestern Mexico all the way up to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. They also live year round in parts of Florida. This species winters in in the Southeastern United States and Northeastern Mexico. In spring, they move into the Northern United States and Southern Canada where they can be seen migrating in large flocks.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Double-crested Cormorants primarily eat fish which they catch by hunting them underwater. They will also eat other aquatic creature such as crustaceans and amphibians.
Where to Find This Bird
Double-crested Cormorants can be found in a variety of places with all of them usually being near bodies of water. Look for this species in trees lining lakes and ponds as well as in marshes. Often times, Double-crested Cormorants will congregate in large groups on islands or other places with adequate perches as they dry their wings and survey for prey.
Great Cormorant
Great Cormorant – Caroline Jones Photo
Identification
Great Cormorants are larger than other Eastern Cormorant species. They look different depending on the region with some subspecies having more white on their head and neck. The birds in Eastern North America are glossy dark brown to black with white on their flanks and throat. They also have an orangey colored gular patch. Birds in nonbreeding plumage are a chocolatey brown color.
Range
Great Cormorants are extremely wide spread with the species being found in North America, Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia. In North America they reside on the East Coast from Southeastern Canada all the way south to Florida and even the Gulf Coast.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Great Cormorants are specialists at hunting for and eating fish. They are known to specialize in bottom dwelling fish that they pull from crevices in rocks. They typically forage in shallower water under 50 feet in depth.
Where to Find This Bird
In the United States, look for Great Cormorants on rocky coasts in the states along the Atlantic Ocean. In particular, the more Northern States in New England are some of the places this species is most common.
Birds that are Similar to Cormorants
There is one North American bird species that technically is not a cormorant, but is similar enough to include it on the list.
Anhinga (Uncommon)
Anhinga
Identification
Anhingas look extremely similar to cormorants with a long snake-like neck and a long pointed bill. They have longer tails than most cormorant species and show white on their wings. Overall, Anhingas are dark colored with dark brown to black bodies and lighter colored necks.
Range
Anhingas are year-round residents of the northern half of South America, the coasts of Central America and Mexico, and the southeastern coast of the continental United States. In summer, they move farther north and have a tendency to move pretty far north into the eastern United States.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Anhingas primarily feed on fish which they actively hunt for underwater and spear with their sharp, pointed bill. They will also eat crustaceans and other small invertebrates.
Where to Find This Bird
Anhingas can be found in areas with slow moving freshwater such as marshes, bayous, and general wetlands. Look for them drying their wings on perches or swimming in the water, sitting low mostly with just their head and neck above the waters surface.
Summary
Cormorants are unique, lanky birds that are a common sight near the water. Knowing the habits, range, and key identification features of each of these species can be incredibly useful in knowing what to look for in the field.
European Starlings are extremely recognizable birds. Known for their glossy iridescent sheen, undulating flocks, and ability to imitate sounds, these birds are common and widespread across the globe. While Starlings inhabit many different continents, in North America, they are considered by many to be an invasive pest. Much of the ill will toward starlings comes from the fact that they are an introduced species originally from Europe. In fact, the story behind the European Starlings introduction is one of the most iconic in a long history of people meddling in nature. Involving societies devoted to the importation of nonnative species, misinformation about a notorious pharmacist, and even William Shakespeare, the starling’s journey from beloved European species to American antagonist is one you’ll want to stay tuned for.
Before getting too deep into the story of the European Starlings’ cross continental trip to the new world, let’s take a moment to understand it as a species. The European Starling is a fascinating bird with a glossy black base-color, iridescent green and purple sheen, and a bright yellow bill. An interesting fact about the appearance of these birds is that when they molt, the new feathers are white tipped, giving the starling a speckled appearance. As these feathers wear out, they lose these spots in exchange for an inky black look. Not only are these birds quite pretty, but also quite interesting. European Starlings travel in large flocks that look mesmerizing in the sky. These massive groups are called murmurations and are quite the spectacle to see. Starlings have impressive vocal abilities and imitate a wide array of sounds. They can even mimic human speech.
European Starlings are common in cities, agricultural areas, and other places inhabited by people. They feed on an extremely wide variety of food items including insects, fruits, seeds, and discarded scraps, making the species highly adaptable.
Now for the story of the starling’s trip across the ocean and westward incursion. The fascinating thing about this story is that there are multiple versions. The most well-known goes something like this: in the 1800s an eclectic pharmacist named Eugene Scheifflein had a mission: to introduce every bird ever mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare. This would mean somewhere in the neighborhood of 60 species would need to be let loose in America. The European Starling is only mentioned once in any of Shakespeare’s writings, but it still counts. To complete his life’s work, Schieffelin brought Starlings along with many other species of European birds to North America. On a snowy day in March, Scheifflein released starlings in Central Park New York. From there, they proliferated and eventually spread out far and wide across the continent.
Video version of this article
However, this may not be entirely accurate.
For the true story of the European Starling, we do have to first look at our story’s hero, or perhaps villain depending on how you look at it, Eugene Sheiflein who did play a major role in the introduction of European Starlings. However, some of the things most people believe about him may not be true at all. We do know that on March 6, 1890, Scheifflin released 30 pairs of European Starlings that he brought from England into Central Park New York. A year later he repeated the same actions with 20 pairs. Where the questionable parts of the story come in are the motives behind the release. There is little mention of Sheifflins driving force behind these introductions having anything to do with William Shakespear. He was the chairman of the American Acclimatization Society, an organization focused on bringing flora and fauna from the old world to the new. Not only did societies such as this one import starlings, but also several other European bird species including skylarks, song thrushes, and the infamous House Sparrow. The first mention of Scheiffelin being associated with Shakespeare in any way was from an essay by Edwin Way Teale published in 1948 that stated Scheifflins hobby was bringing “all of the birds mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare” to North America. This may not be a literal statement however, but rather a figure of speech as this is the only time in any work of writing that any connection between Shakespeare and schieffelin has been mentioned. Either way, this one essay propelled people for years to come to believe that the reason European Starlings are in North America is all because of a Shakespeare fan.
Another point to note is that Scheiffelin and the American Acclimatization Society were not the first to release starlings into the new world. Records indicate European Starlings were set loose in North America as early as 1872 in multiple locations in the United States. Some people believe starlings from these earlier introductions failed to gain a foothold in America, but records exist of wild European Starlings being caught in Massachusetts in 1876 as well as in New Jersey in 1884. This would suggest that starlings had already begun breeding in the new world before Scheffelin ever even made it onto the scene.
Nonetheless, once released into North America, European Starlings quickly proliferated and became a problem for both native wildlife and humans. So, what is it that European Starlings do to be considered a pest? First of all, they are cavity nesters, and significantly more aggressive than many native species that seek out the same lodging such as bluebirds. This often leads to starlings occupying cavities and evicting more peaceful residents. Additionally, starlings are extremely messy nesters, often completely trashing nest sites.
Other ways starlings make a negative impact have to do with economics. These birds travel and forage in extremely large flocks that happen to be fond of the fare they can find around farms. Starlings are known to destroy crops, eating food intended for cattle, and spreading a plethora of diseases to livestock. Shockingly, it’s estimated that European Starlings cause over a billion dollars in damage to the agricultural industry each year. Starlings also become a nuisance when they nest inside infrastructure such as bridges and buildings.
A scarier impact starlings have comes in the form of airplane collisions. Large flocks of starlings get sucked into the jet engines causing damage to the plane and risking the lives of the passengers and crew on board. It’s worth noting that there has been at least one recorded instance of starlings being the cause of a plane crash.
So, what’s being done to alleviate the problems people and native wildlife are having with this perceived invasive pest? Right now, the measures are mostly preventative. In places where starlings cause problems such as farms and airports, scaring devices, traps, and bird netting are all used to try and dissuade them from sticking around. On a smaller scale, removing nests from buildings, blocking openings in roofs and awnings, and shooing away flocks can deter starlings from being in the area.
While European Starling numbers have actually declined over the last 50 years, their populations in North America remain extremely healthy and it certainly looks like this species won’t be going anywhere anytime soon. Is there anything positive about having starlings alive and well in North America? Not really, but they have managed to assimilate fairly well with flocks of native blackbird species, so at least they seem to be playing nice with at least a few other types of birds.
At the end of the day, European Starlings are here to stay, and their story is one that we can take lessons from. In their native range, starlings are beautiful and captivating to watch, but in North America they are an unwanted nuisance. It’s possible these sentiments aren’t only because of what the starling does as a species but also because in the years following their introduction, anti-immigrant rhetoric was at a high. These feelings may have been passed onto the Starling which some people saw as a representation of immigration continuing in America.
Either way, the starling’s emergence as a successful species in a land they aren’t originally from is not only a reflection of those that came to America from overseas, but also represent the lore and misinformation often accompanying the things that we know but may not fully understand. Sure, many people detest them, but that hasn’t stopped the European Starling from carving out a niche in North America. Thanks for reading, we’ll see you next time, on Badgerland Birding.
Chickadees are small, likable birds known for their friendliness and curiousness. In Iowa, there is one species that can be found in the state on an annual basis. Here is everything you need to know about that species.
Black-capped Chickadee
Black-capped Chickadee
Identification
Black-capped Chickadees have a gray back and wings, tan wash on their sides, and black cap and throat. They have a light colored underside and white cheeks. In addition to visual identification clues, these birds make a variety of songs and notable calls including their springtime “cheeseburger” call and namesake “chickadee” call.
Range
Black-capped Chickadees are year-round residents of the Northern continental United States, southern Canada, and even parts of Alaska.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Black-capped Chickadees are fairly active feeders and eat different foods depending on the time of the year. During the warmer months when insects are more abundant, small invertebrates make up a larger part of their diet. In the winter, seeds, berries, and other plant matter make up a significantly larger portion of their diet.
Where to Find this Bird
Black-capped Chickadees are extremely common in areas with moderate to thick vegetation. This includes both deciduous and coniferous woods, parks, edge habitat, and backyards. They regularly visit bird feeders and are typically among the first species to find new feeders.
Summary
Chickadees are always fun birds to see due to their cuteness and big personalities. We hope that this post has helped answer some questions about the chickadees of Iowa.
Hopping up and down tree trunks and branches across North America is a goofy bird species that’s hard not to like: The White-breasted Nuthatch. White-breasted Nuthatches are compact looking with a short tail, essentially no visible neck, and a slightly upturned bill. This stocky appearance along with their dark colored eyes make them look like little flying sharks. In terms of coloration, White-breasted Nuthatches have a grayish-blue back and wings with darker gray to black on the wing feathers. They have a black cap, white cheeks, and a white underside. Females have slightly lighter colored caps and both males and females have rusty colored markings on their underside behind their legs, and sometimes even the flanks. While they may look and even behave similar to woodpeckers, nuthatches are actually a separate grouping of birds with four different species being found in the continental United States.
White-breasted Nuthatches are extremely widespread in North America, residing year-round in Central Mexico, parts of southern Canada, and in most U.S. states with the highest concentrations of the species occurring east of the Mississippi River. According to range maps, there is some migratory movement of White-breasted Nuthatches, particularly in winter, but for the most part it seems like populations stay in the same place throughout all seasons. It’s also worth noting that there are some places where white-breasted Nuthatches are not terribly common such as Nevada, Texas, and western Oklahoma.
White-breasted Nuthatches are fond of deciduous forests, particularly those with large trees and old growth. They can also be found along forest edges and in places with large spread-out trees such as parks and backyards. For this reason, these birds are extremely common at bird feeders where they typically fly in quickly and grab seeds to take away. After grabbing a larger seed, they will use their bill to open them by jamming them into tight spaces and hammering away.
What they do with these seeds once they’ve taken and opened them can vary depending on the day. Sometimes they will take and eat them right away, and other times they will take them and cache them in tree crevices to save for later. Watching White-breasted Nuthatches can be pretty amusing as they store food in sometimes obvious places, including putting seeds under loose bark and lichens.
Video version of this article
To attract White-breasted Nuthatches to your feeders, try putting out peanuts, sunflower seeds and suet. They will also feed on other seeds and nuts, peanut butter, and corn. While White-breasted Nuthatches will eat a healthy number of seeds, a large portion of their diet in the summer actually consists of insects which they forage for in very acrobatic ways. Watching this species actively search for food is extremely entertaining. They are adept at clinging to trees, often going upside down and nimbly moving around branches and checking under bark for something to eat. Insects on the menu include various larvae such as caterpillars and those of wood boring insects along with adult insects like leafhoppers, stink bugs, and beetles among others.
While going about their daily lives, you will often see these silly birds in the typical “nuthatch pose” with their body facing toward the ground and their head held up looking out over the landscape. They also frequently make a variety of different noises including a nasaly laughing noise that will often be heard coming from large trees before ever even getting eyes on these adorable birds.
White-breasted Nuthatches are cavity nesters and will use a wide variety of different types of trees for nesting sites. They will occasionally use nest boxes but not nearly as much as other species do. Inside the cavity, the female lines the nest site and builds a cup shaped nest to incubate and raise the young. These birds are known to reuse the same nest site in following years. After the nesting season, male and female pairs normally stay together throughout the year and are monogamous. They will sometimes stay with the same mate for a longer period of time, sometimes up until they pass away, so if you see one nuthatch, keep an eye out for its mate, which is likely not far behind. Also look for these birds in mixed flocks of other species such as chickadees and titmice. The oldest known, White-breasted Nuthatch was around 10 years old, and they are currently considered a species of low conservation concern, with an estimated population of about 10 million birds.
Overall, White-breasted Nuthatches are a common and expected bird species around feeding stations in many parts of North America. Their goofy antics and energetic personalities make them extremely fun to watch and a general pleasure to have around a backyard. Do you have White-breasted Nuthatches where you live? Do they do any goofy things we didn’t mention? Let us know in the comments below, and as always, thanks for reading, we’ll see you next time, on Badgerland Birding.
Loons are beautiful and majestic birds that spend almost their entire lives on the water. There are five species of loons in North America and three of them that can be found in South Dakota with one being very common and the other two being quite rare. Knowing where to find them and what to look for in terms of identification can be incredibly helpful in knowing which of the three species you are looking at in the field.
Common Loon
Common Loon – Photo by Alan SChmierer
Identification
In breeding plumage, Common Loons have a black back, wings, neck, and head with white checkerboard markings on the wings, and a white “necklace” marking. The black on the head and neck is iridescent and can show a green sheen in the right lighting. Common Loons have a white underside and some thin black striping on the neck going down the sides. In nonbreeding plumage, this species is dark gray brown on the back, wings, and top of the head. They also have white on the throat and underside. The species still displays the white necklace marking even in nonbreeding plumage.
Range
Common Loons are extremely wide spread throughout North America. In winter, they can be found wintering along the ocean coastlines of both the Atlantic and the Pacific. They winter as far south as Mexico and as far north as the Aleutian Islands. In spring, the birds wintering in the Southern parts of the continent move north into the Northern United States and most of Canada where they spend the summer.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Common Loons feed primarily on fish but will also eat crustaceans and aquatic invertebrates. They are extremely good at diving for food and can stay underwater for considerable amounts of time. While some species are ambush predators such as herons, Loons are active hunters as they are very agile swimmers.
Where to Find This Bird
As their name would suggest, Common Loons are in fact common in most parts of the United States and Canada at least for some portion of the year. During winter, this species can be seen on the ocean coastlines, while in spring they tend to appear on inland lakes and ponds. During their breeding season, look for Common Loons in deep, clear lakes in the boreal forests where they prefer plenty of plant cover along the shores.
Pacific Loon (Rare)
Pacific Loon – Photo by Alaska Region U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Identification
Pacific Loons are chunky birds with rather complex patterning when in breeding plumage. They have brownish black backs and wings with large white square-shaped markings along with white spots. They have a grayish head with a purplish front of the neck and white and black vertical stripes on the side of the neck. The underside of this species is white. In nonbreeding plumage, Pacific Loons are brownish gray with a white underside.
Range
The aptly named Pacific Loon winters all along the Pacific coast of the United States from Mexico to Alaska. In spring, they move to their breeding grounds in Northern Canada, Alaska, and Eastern Asia.
Diet and Foraging Habits
The vast majority of the Pacific Loon’s diet is comprised of fish. They will also eat crustaceans and aquatic invertebrates.
Where to Find This Bird
Look for Pacific Loons on the coastlines of the Pacific Ocean where they prefer areas with sandy bottoms as opposed to rocky bottoms. During breeding season, this species can be found in tundra ponds and lakes.
Red-throated Loon (Rare)
Red-throated Loon – Photo by Alaska Region U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Identification
In breeding plumage, Red-throated Loons have a grayish brown back and wings. Most of their head and neck is gray with white striping on the back of the neck going up to the top of the head. They have a deep red colored throat which is where they get their name from. In nonbreeding plumage, Red-throated Loons have a white throat and underside. They also have a dark brownish gray back and head with white speckles.
Range
Red-throated Loons winter on the coasts of the United States and Canada. They don’t typically make it too far into Mexico or the Gulf Coast but will winter as far north as Southern Alaska. In spring, they move north across the continent making appearances in large bodies of water such as the Great Lakes. They breed in Northern and Western Canada, Greenland, Alaska, and Eastern Asia.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Red-throated Loons eat a wide variety of fish and invertebrates including squid, crustaceans, aquatic insects, and marine worms. Like other loon species, these birds dive for their food and actively hunt small creatures below the surface.
Where to Find This Bird
Red-throated Loons can be found in open waters along the coasts of oceans as well as larger bodies of water such as the Great Lakes. During migration, they can also be found on inland lakes.
Summary
Loons are fascinating divers that provide nice variety among other water-dwelling birds. Knowing the species that are expected in your state and region can be instrumental in identifying which one you’re looking at in the field. Hopefully, this article has helped to answer some questions about the loons of South Dakota.
Kingfishers are fascinating birds that specialize in catching and eating fish. There are a handful of different kingfisher species in North America, but only one species that can be found in South Dakota. Here is everything you need to know about that species.
Belted Kingfisher
Male Belted Kingfisher (Photo by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Southwest Region)
Female Belted Kingfisher (Photo by USFWS Midwest Region)
Identification
Belted Kingfishers are short, compact birds with large pointed bills. Males are grayish blue with a large crest, a white underside, and a grayish blue band across their chest. Females look similar to the males but have rust on their sides and a second band (rust colored) underneath the blue chest band. Both males and females have a white spot near their eye on each side of the head.
Range
Belted Kingfishers winter in Northern South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Southern United States. In spring they migrate north throughout most on the United States, Canada, and Alaska where they spend the summer. Some Belted Kingfishers stay in the Northern United States year round provided there is open water.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Belted Kingfishers are primarily fish-eaters, choosing to eat fish that are on the medium to small side such as sticklebacks and various minnows. They find and catch prey by sitting high on a perch and scanning for fish by sight. Once they spot something they want, they dive in head first and use their bill to grab onto the food item. In addition to fish, Belted Kingfishers will also eat amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, and small mammals.
Where to Find This Bird
Belted Kingfishers can be found near water including rivers, ponds, streams, and lakes. Clear water is most optimal for kingfishers as they need to be able to see prey in order to catch it. Listen for this species rattling call and look for them swooping low as they fly from perch to perch.
Summary
Kingfishers are unique birds that occupy a very specific niche in the ecosystem. With just one species living in South Dakota any encounter with one of these vibrant and energetic birds is sure to be a Belted Kingfisher. Hopefully this post has helped answer some of your questions about the Kingfishers of South Dakota.
Grosbeaks are birds that are known for their sturdy looking build and thick bill. While they all share a similar appearance, grosbeaks are actually comprised of birds from two separate groupings. Out of five species of grosbeaks that live in the continental United States, three of them are technically in the cardinal family along with birds like tanagers, and the other two are in the finch family. Here is everything you need to know about the grosbeaks of South Dakota.
Grosbeaks in the Finch Family
Evening Grosbeak
Male Evening Grosbeak
Identification
Evening Grosbeaks are an extremely bright looking species. Males have electric yellow undersides, backs, and markings on their head just above the eye. They have black wings, a black tail, clean white wing patches, and an extremely thick bill. Females and immature birds are mostly gray with a yellow nape, black wings, and a black tail with white patches on them.
Range
The Evening Grosbeak’s range is somewhat misleading. They are year-round residents of Southern Canada and some parts of the Western United States. Most maps show their wintering range covering most of Michigan, Wisconsin, and New England, but through my experience, most winters Evening Grosbeaks only inhabit the most northern parts of these areas. Evening Grosbeaks do have years in which they fly farther South during winter but in recent years they have not irrupted in the same way that records from the past show. Additionally, the range of this species seems to be receding farther north into Canada each year.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Evening Grosbeaks have different diets depending on the time of year. During summer, they feed primarily on insects and other invertebrates, most notably spruce budworm larva. Other times of the year, Evening Grosbeaks eat various types of seeds including seeds from fruits.
Where to Find This Bird
Evening Grosbeaks can be found in conifer forests. They also can be found near bird feeders in their native range.
Badgerland Birding searches for an Evening Grosbeak in Milwaukee, WI
Pine Grosbeak
Male Pine Grosbeak
Identification
Male Pine Grosbeaks are a rosy reddish pink color with dark gray wings, two white wing bars, and a gray under tail. Females and immature males are mostly gray with yellow to orange coloration on the head, back, rump, and sometimes the chest. It’s worth noting that Pine Grosbeaks vary slightly in color based on region.
Range
Pine Grosbeaks live year round in the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. In North America, this species breeds in the forests of Canada along with some parts of the continental United States and Alaska. In winter, Pine Grosbeaks move south into states in the Midwest and Northeast.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Pine Grosbeaks primarily feed on fruits and seeds, but will also eat insects and other invertebrates when available.
Where to Find This Bird
To find Pine Grosbeaks, one must go to where their food source is. They show up at bird feeders as well as places with fruit trees. In winter, remaining crabapples and other ornamental trees are big draws for this species. Some places that often plant these types of trees are cemeteries and school campuses.
Grosbeaks in the Cardinal Family
Black-headed Grosbeak
Black-headed Grosbeak – Photo by abbeyprivate
Identification
Male Black-headed Grosbeaks have a black back and wings, a black tail, and a namesake black head. They show white spots on their wings and an orangey colored underside, making them look very distinctive. Females have a brown back and head along with a cream-colored eyebrow stripe. As opposed to the solid orange color of the males, females have a peach-colored wash on their undersides along with some thin striping.
Range
Black-headed Grosbeaks winter in Mexico. In spring, they expand north into the western half of the continental United States and southwestern Canada where they spend the summer.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Black-headed Grosbeaks have a varied diet that changes depending on the season. Their large bills make it easy for them to crush both seeds and nuts as well as insects and other invertebrates. In addition to those food items, they also eat many different types of fruits including poison oak, juniper berries, cherries, figs, and much more.
Where to Find This Bird
Black-headed Grosbeaks don’t necessarily have one specific preferred habitat but rather inhabit areas where multiple habitats come together. They aren’t typically found in unbroken stretches of habitat and seem to most likely occur in areas with tall trees and underbrus
Blue Grosbeak
Blue Grosbeak – Photo by Alan Schmierer
Identification
As their name suggests, male Blue Grosbeaks are a deep blue color. They have a gray bill, small black mask, and two rusty wing bars. Females and immature males are orangey brown with faint wing bars still visible.
Range
Blue Grosbeaks spend the winter in Central America and Mexico. Some of them stay in Mexico year-round while others move north into the United States where they can be found in the southern states as well as the Great Plains States for the duration of the summer.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Blue Grosbeaks eat a combination of insects and seeds. They will also eat other invertebrates such as spiders and snails.
Where to Find This Bird
Blue Grosbeaks are most at home in open areas such as scrub and desert. They are also fond of edge habitats where they can hide in trees and thickets while singing.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Rose-breasted Grosbeak
Identification
Rose-breasted Grosbeaks are dapper looking birds with a thick bill. Males have a black head, back, tail and wings with white markings also appearing on the wings. They have a white underside with their most noticeable feature appearing on their chest: A namesake bright red marking. Females have a mottled brown back with a yellowish underside and a white eye brow stripe.
Range
Rose-breasted Grosbeaks migrate annually from Northern South America, Central America, and Southern Mexico into the Eastern United States. In summer, they end up in the Northeastern U.S. and parts of Southern Canada.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Rose-breasted Grosbeaks feed on different food items depending on the time of the year. During spring and summer, insects make up a large portion of their diet. While in fall, berries and other fruits become more of a staple. They will also eat seeds and other plant matter.
Where to Find This Bird
Rose-breasted Grosbeaks live in a variety of habitats including deciduous and mixed conifer woods, forest edges, areas with streams and other water sources, and in backyards. They will also visit both seed and fruit bird feeders, so this is a species that can be attracted to parks, backyards, and nature centers.
Summary
Grosbeaks are beautiful and popular birds to both birders and backyard bird lovers. Knowing more about the species that are expected in your area can be instrumental in finding and identifying them, especially since they have such irregular migratory patterns. Hopefully, this article has helped to answer some questions about the grosbeaks of South Dakota.
Grebes are fascinating birds that look something like a cross between a loon and a duck. These small waterbirds have legs that are at the back of their body which are perfect for diving and maneuvering through the water.
In South Dakota, there are six different species of grebes that make an appearance, with some of them being extremely common, and others being rare. Here is everything you need to know about these six species.
Clark’s Grebe (Uncommon)
Clark’s Grebe
Identification
Clark’s Grebes have a gray to black back and wings, black on the back of their long neck, and a black crown. This crown has a somewhat crested appearance. They have a long yellow bill and a clean white underside and face. It’s important to note that the white on their face goes above their bright red eye as opposed to the extremely similar Western Grebe which has black over the eye.
Range
Clark’s Grebes are birds of the west with some living year-round in Mexico and parts of the United States. In the winter, they can be found along the west coast of the continental U.S., but in summer they travel farther inland, nesting in areas with slow moving fresh water in states such as Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and Wyoming among others.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Clark’s Grebes eat mostly fish which they catch by diving, but will also eat small vertebrates and many different invertebrates including insects and worms.
Where to Find This Bird
Clark’s Grebes can be found in different types of habitats during different times of the year. During the breeding season they can be found inland in freshwater lakes and ponds. In winter they move to the coasts in salt or brackish water.
Eared Grebe
Eared Grebes in Breeding Plumage – Photo by Tom Bunker
Eared Grebe Winer Plumage
Identification
Eared Grebes are compact looking members of the grebe family displaying a shorter neck than other species in the grouping as well as a shorter bill. In breeding plumage, this species is quite colorful with a black head, neck, and back, orangey brown colored sides, and golden feathers just behind their bright red eye. It’s also worth noting that they have a crested appearance. In nonbreeding plumage they are far less extravagant looking with a dark head and back, white sides, a white throat, and a white underside. Even in nonbreeding plumage, Eared Grebes still have a bright red eye but they do not appear as crested.
Range
Eared Grebes winter in Mexico and the Southwestern United States in addition to the Pacific coast. In spring, they move north and spend the summer in most of the Northern States west of the Mississippi River as well as Southwestern Canada. They have a habit of showing up farther east than expected during migration.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Eared Grebes eat an assortment of different small vertebrates and invertebrates including fish, shrimp, insects, and amphibians. Since they often live in water with a high salt content, brine shrimp are sometimes a staple food item.
Where to Find This Bird
Eared Grebes are typically found in shallow ponds and lakes. Often times, these birds gather in extremely large groups during migration and are regular visitors of salty bodies of water.
Horned Grebe
Transitional and Breeding Plumage Horned Grebes
Identification
Horned Grebes are fairly small members of the grebe family with a short bill. In breeding plumage, Horned Grebes have a black head and wings with rusty reddish brown sides, a bright red eye, and amber colored feathers near their eye, which somewhat resemble horns. Nonbreeding birds have a black top of the head, wings, and back of the neck, but are white everywhere else. They still have a bright red eye in ninbreeding plumage.
Range
Horned Grebes winter in the Southeastern United States, along the Atlantic Coast, and along the Pacific coast from Baja California all the way up to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. In spring, they move north and breed in Alaska, Western Canada, and some of the northern states that border Canada such as North Dakota and Montana.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Horned Grebes eat a very wide variety of aquatic creatures including small fish, crustaceans, tadpoles and many different species of insects. They will not only eat aquatic insects but also catch them out of the air.
Where to Find This Bird
Horned Grebes breed in shallow lakes and ponds with plenty of vegetation to hide in. During migration, they show up in many different bodies of water ranging from manmade lakes to ponds.
Pied-billed Grebe
Pied-billed Grebe
Identification
The Pied-billed Grebe is a small and distinctive looking bird with a brown body and white near the tail. The wings and top of the head are darker than the chest and underside. The term “pied-billed” means striped bill, and it’s certainly an apt way to describe the species as the black stripe on the short, wide bill is obvious in breeding adult birds. Nonbreeding birds look generally the same but without as noticeable of a stripe on the bill. One fascinating thing about Pied-billed Grebes is that they can actually control how much of their body is underwater. Sometime they will only have their neck and head above the surface.
Range
Pied-billed Grebes are extremely widespread across the Western Hemisphere with a year-round range in Southern South America, Northern South America, Central America, Mexico, and most of the United States. In summer, Pied-billed Grebes move north and breed in the Northeastern US, as well as the Midwest. They also can be found throughout Southern Canada in summer.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Pied-billed Grebes mostly prey on small fish and crustaceans, but they will also eat snails, tadpoles, and aquatic insects. These birds hunt for food by diving and catching prey items underwater.
Where to Find This Bird
Pied-billed Grebes can be found in slow moving water such as marshes, flooded fields, and ponds.
Red-necked Grebe
Red-necked Grebe in Breeding Plumage – Photo by Alaska Region U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Red-necked Grebe in Nonbreeding Plumage – Photo by Caleb Putnam
Identification
Red-necked Grebes are quite striking in breeding plumage when they have their namesake rusty red neck as well as distinctive gray and white cheeks. They also a dark gray to black cap, a long yellow bill with a dark tip, and a dark gray to black back. In nonbreeding plumage, this species is much more pale with only light traces of a red neck and white cheeks. In terms of grebes, the Red-necked Grebe is on the more slender side with a longer neck than many other species.
Range
Red-necked Grebes are widespread across the globe with most of North America, parts of Asia, and Europe serving as a native home to this species. In North America, these birds winter along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, then make their way into Alaska and Western Canada (in addition to some states in the continental US) to breed.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Red-necked Grebes eat a variety of aquatic animals, most commonly fish, crustaceans, and insects. They will also eat other aquatic invertebrates as well as reptiles and amphibians. This species takes a page out of the loon handbook when it comes to hunting as they will often use sight to locate food in clear water and then actively hunt for it.
Where to Find This Bird
During the breeding months Red-necked Grebes can be found in marshes and shallow lakes. Usually their breeding areas have thick vegetation lining the shore, providing good places to hide. In winter, the coasts of the United States can hold large numbers of these birds just offshore.
Western Grebe
Western Grebe
Identification
Western Grebes are slender looking waterbirds with a longer neck and bill than many other grebe species. They look the same in both breeding and nonbreeding seasons with dark gray to black on their back, wings, back of the neck, and top of the head. They have a white face and underside with a yellow bill and bright red eye.
Range
True to its name, the Western Grebe is a species of Western North America. They winter along the Pacific coast of Mexico and the United States all the way up to the most Southwestern part of Canada. In summer, they move into the Western half of the US and Canada to breed. Western Grebes are year-round residents in parts of Northern and Central Mexico.
Diet and Foraging Habits
Western Grebes primarily feed on fish, but they also eat other creatures found in the water including crustaceans, amphibians, and insects. This species actively dives for it’s prey and easily moves through the water while hunting.
Where to Find This Bird
In winter, look for Western Grebes in saltwater habitats along the Pacific Coast. In summer, this species utilizes large freshwater lakes to breed in.
Summary
Grebes are unique and fascinating waterbirds that don’t quite fit into any other category. Knowing the habits, range, and key identification features of each of these species can be incredibly useful in knowing what to look for in the field. Hopefully, this article has helped in answering some questions about the grebes of South Dakota.
